U N I T E D N A T I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N TNEGOTIATING LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE IN AGRICULTURE FOR DEVELOPMENTNEGOTIATING LIBERALIZATION OFTRADE IN AGRICULTUREFOR DEVELOPMENTU N I T E D N A T I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N TGeneva, 2020© 2020, United NationsThis work is available open access by complying with the Creative Commons licence created for intergovernmental organizations, available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/.The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States.The designation employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.Photocopies and reproductions of excerpts are allowed with proper credits.This publication has not been formally edited.United Nations publication issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.UNCTAD/DITC/TNCD/2019/3eISBN: 978-92-1-004889-7 NEGOTIATING LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE IN AGRICULTURE FOR DEVELOPMENTiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis publication is an adaptation of the Manual for Trade Negotiations on Agriculture (UNCTAD/DITC/TNDC/2020/MISC/1), which was prepared, with financial support from the European Union, by a team led by Liping Zhang from the Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy Branch (TNCDB), Division on International Trade and Commodities (DITC), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Substantive contributions to the manual were provided by Dr. Manzoor Ahmad, Former Ambassador of Permanent Mission of Pakistan to the World Trade Organization. This publication was finalized by Liping Zhang.Laura Moresino-Borini designed the cover and provided desktop publishing.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSiiiNOTEFor further information on the publication, please contact:Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy BranchDivision on International Trade and CommoditiesTel.: +41 22 917 57 01Fax: +41 22 917 00 44www.unctad.org/tradenegotiationstncdb@unctad.orgivNEGOTIATING LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE IN AGRICULTURE FOR DEVELOPMENTABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSAMS aggregate measurement of supportAoA Agreement on Agriculture CAP Common Agricultural PolicyFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsGATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGDP gross domestic productLDC least developed countryMFN most-favoured nationNAMA non-agricultural market access NTB non-tariff barrierNTM non-tariff measureSDT special and differential treatmentSPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary MeasuresSSG Special Agricultural Safeguard SSM Special Safeguard Mechanism STE state trading enterpriseTBT technical barriers to tradeTRIPs Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property RightsTRQ tariff rate quotaUNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development WTO World Trade OrganizationABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSvPREFACEAs the focal point of the United Nations for the integrated treatment of trade and development and interrelated issues, the UNCTAD secretariat supports developing member States, including the least developed member States, and member States with economies in transition in achieving their beneficial and fuller integration into the international trade and world economy for sustainable development. Through intergovernmental deliberations and consensus-building, research and analysis, and capacity-building technical assistance, UNCTAD’s work on trade negotiations and commercial diplomacy aims at enhancing the human and institutional capacities of these member States to analyse, formulate and implement appropriate policies and strategies in bilateral, regional and multilateral trade negotiations to assure development gains from international trade, the trading system and trade negotiations.The purpose of this publication is to assist trade policy makers and trade negotiators in considering their decisions regarding agriculture in pursuing national development objectives. It could also be useful for other stakeholders involved or interested in agricultural negotiations and policies, including the private sector, researchers and non-governmental organizations. The publication seeks to do so by providing a balanced, objective and sound analysis of the technical and policy issues about the rules and negotiations on trade in agriculture and explore possible ways to address the above-mentioned challenge. It provides an overview of the pattern of agricultural trade, salient features of the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) in the World Trade Organization (WTO), implementation of commitments and status of current negotiations in various areas with an emphasis on the development dimension of the agricultu...
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