Global energy interconnection®White Paper每日免费阅读行业报告1、每日星球内分享10+精品报告；2、不定时分享国际投行报告，脱水研报等；3、行业报告均为公开内容，版权归原作者所有，星球仅分享内部学习。扫描右侧二维码即刻加入【行业报告（免费） 】星球（此页只为更多需要行业报告的朋友提供便利，希望不会影响您的阅读，谢谢理解！）3Global energy interconnection (GEI) represents the ultimate evolution of the trend towards greater interconnection of power systems. It embodies high-level integration of the flow of energy, flow of information and flow of business as an intelligent, automated and networked-based system for ensuring energy security on a universal scale.Fueled by global economic growth, world energy consumption rose from 5,4 billion tons of coal equivalent in 1965 to 18,5 billion tons in 2014. Fossil energy accounted for more than 85% of the total. The world’s energy consumption will maintain a growing trend in the future, as it is difficult to reverse the long-established patterns of intensive energy consumption.Seeking a solution to these trends, the implementation of GEI would integrate a large-scale deployment of clean energy led by variable renewables with a Smart Grid incorporating high levels of interoperability and supported by a ultra-high voltage (UHV) grid backbone including extensive interconnections across countries, continents, technical domains, hierarchies and equipment life cycle phases.Though such levels of deployment are highly ambitious, the technologies themselves are largely available or are currently in the pipeline. The technical difficulties for large-scale, transcontinental or global energy interconnection, on the other hand, will come from the unprecedented degree of system integration that will be required. To help surmount this challenge, consensus-based International Standards and Specifications will form an indispensable basis on which to build concrete solutions. Standards, specifically those at the systems level, will facilitate procurement and national and international acceptance and will play a stabilizing role by pursuing research activities on which real market opportunities are built.This White Paper examines the readiness of potential markets for GEI, identifies the technical and economic trends in related technologies and evaluates at a high level the impact on energy, environment, technologies and policies.Taking the large-scale concepts connected with GEI to actual realization will require significant efforts in standardization – e.g. development of initiatives to enable multi-system interoperability. Thus this White Paper aims to highlight the concept of GEI and begin laying the foundations for identifying and addressing the standardization needs for large-scale, transcontinental and global energy interconnection.Executive summary4Executive summaryAcknowledgmentsThis White Paper has been prepared by the Global Energy Interconnection project team, in the IEC Market Strategy Board (MSB), with major contributions from the project partner, the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the project leader, State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC). The project team met three times – in January 2016 (Beijing, China), March 2016 (Beijing, China) and June 2016 (Paris, France). The project team is listed below:Dr. Yinbiao Shu, SGCC, IEC Vice President, MSB Convenor, Project DirectorDr. Luis Munuera, IEA, Project PartnerDr. Jun Yu, SGCC, Project ManagerDr. Jianbin Fan, SGCCDr. Caihao Liang, CEPRIDr. Geng Dan, Climate Parliament of ChinaDr. Wei Wang, SGCCDr. Xing Lu (Ms.), State Grid Energy Research Institute (of China)Mr. Richard Schomberg, EDFDr. Dongil Lee, KEPCODr. Jae Young Yoon, KERIDr. Chan-Ki Kim, KEPCODr. Ho-Keun Kim, KEPCODr. Stefan Engelhardt, SAP SEDr. Alexander Rentschler, Siemens AGMr. Shinichi Suganuma, TEPCOMr. Chengwei Dai, China Datang CorporationMr. Yan Qin, China Datang CorporationDr. Hao Hu, SGCCMr. Peter Lanctot, IEC, MSB Secretary5List of abbreviations 7Glossary 11Section 1 Introduction 131.1 Scope 14Section 2 A vision for GEI 152.1 Global energy challenges 152.1.1 Energy security 152.1.2 Climate change 162.1.3 Environmental pollution 172.2 The GEI concept 172.2.1 Why larger-scale interconnection? 172.2.2 What is GEI? 182.2.3 Potential benefits of GEI 192.2.4 GEI vision 20Section 3 Energy trends and market readiness for GEI 213.1 Global energy resources and energy demands 213.1.1 Energy resources 213.1.2 Energy demand 243.2 Trends in cost reduction of key technologies for GEI 263.2.1 Market trends for wind power generation 273.2.2 Market trends for solar power generation 293.2.3 Market trends for other geographically-constrained RE technologies 323.3 Practical experiences of power system interconnection around the world 333.3.1 Experiences with large-scale national transmission interconnection 333.3.2 Practical experiences of regional interconnection 383.3.3 Transnational interconnection initiatives 463.4 Economic feasibility of GEI 48Table of contents6Table of contentsSection 4 Enabling technologies for GEI 514.1 Transmission technologies 514.1.1 UHV transmission technologies 514.1.2 Flexible AC/D...
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