IEA SERIES IN SUPPORT OF IEA–CHINA ENERGY CO-OPERATIONDISTRICT ENERGY SYSTEMS in CHINAOptions for optimisation and diversificationINTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCYThe International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular,through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions.n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protectionin a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contributeto climate change.nImprove transparency of international markets through collection and analysis ofenergy data.n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energyefficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies.n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement anddialogue with non-member countries, industry, internationalorganisations and other stakeholders.IEA member countries: Australia Austria Belgium CanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinland FranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIreland ItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgNetherlandsNew Zealand NorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited StatesThe European Commission also participates in the work of the IEA.© OECD/IEA, 2017International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.orgPlease note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/t&c/TogetherSecureSustainable© OECD/IEA 2017 District Energy Systems in China Options for Optimisation and Diversification Page | 3 The Tsinghua University Building Energy Research Center (BERC) was created in 2005. BERC is devoted to developing energy-efficient and environmentally responsible buildings in China, in accordance with national and international energy and environmental targets, including buildings research and innovation. The principal research activities within BERC include: • Assessment of the current buildings status in China and strategic outlooks on buildings energy consumption and efficiency. • Occupant behaviour and buildings simulation research. • Research and development of innovative high-efficiency buildings technology and systems. • Energy efficiency application research on sub-sectors, including: space heating in Northern China; rural residential buildings and urban residential buildings; and public and commercial buildings. BERC is involved in international exchange and co-operation projects, including its ongoing collaboration with the International Energy Agency. BERC is also responsible for the Annual Report on China Building Energy Efficiency, which has been published annually since 2007. District Energy Systems in China © OECD/IEA 2017 Options for Optimisation and Diversification Page | 4 Foreword International Energy Agency The People’s Republic of China (hereafter, “China”) has the largest district energy system in the world, with more than 200 000 kilometres of networks providing heat to close to 9 billion square metres of building space, which is equivalent to more than one fourth of the total floor area of the United States. With China’s rapid urbanisation and increasing demand for thermal comfort, energy use in heating and cooling systems is set to rise even higher over the coming decades, placing heavy pressure on energy supply and the environment. Coal continues to be the predominant fuel for heat production, but a rapid switch to other fuels such as gas, geothermal or excess heat is under way. Unlocking the potential of cleaner district energy systems is key for China’s urban development strategy. Modern district energy can provide reliable heating and cooling services while improving energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, serving as a flexible and efficient medium to transform the energy sector. Within the context of China’s urbanisation and policy framework, this report highlights cost-effective options and business models that can decarbonise and optimise district energy systems. Through clean energy measures, China can continue to make a transition away from coal and improve air quality. The International Energy Agency (IEA) has more than 20...
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