RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT20162REN21 STEERING COMMITTEEINDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS Ernesto Macías Galán Alliance for Rural Electrification (ARE)Greg Wetstone American Council On Renewable Energy (ACORE)Li Junfeng Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association (CREIA)Kane Thornton Clean Energy Council (CEC)Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes European Renewable Energies Federation (EREF)Steve Sawyer Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC)Marietta Sander International Geothermal Association (IGA)Richard Taylor International Hydropower Association (IHA)Karin Haara World Bioenergy Association (WBA)Stefan Gsänger World Wind Energy Association (WWEA)INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONSYongping Zhai Asian Development Bank (ADB)Mahama Kappiah ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE)Paula Abreu Marques European Commission (EC) David Rodgers Global Environment Facility (GEF)Paolo Frankl International Energy Agency (IEA) Adnan Z. Amin International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Marcel Alers United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Mark Radka United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Pradeep Monga United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Gevorg Sargsyan World Bank NGOSIrene Giner-Reichl Global Forum on Sustainable Energy (GFSE) Emily Rochon Greenpeace International Emani Kumar ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, South Asia Tetsunari Iida Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies (ISEP) Ibrahim Togola Mali Folkecenter (MFC) / Citizens United for Renewable Energy and SustainabilityAhmed Badr Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE)Tomas Kåberger Renewable Energy InstituteHarry Lehmann World Council for Renewable Energy (WCRE) Stefan Schurig World Future Council (WFC)Rafael Senga World Wildlife Fund (WWF) MEMBERS AT LARGEKirsty Hamilton Chatham HouseMichael Eckhart Citigroup, Inc.Peter Rae REN AllianceDavid Hales Second NatureMohamed El-Ashry United Nations FoundationNATIONAL GOVERNMENTSReinaldo Salgado BrazilRasmus Abilgaard Kristensen Denmark Tania Rödiger-Vorwerk / Thorsten Herdan Germany Tarun Kapoor India Øivind Johansen Norway Wolsey Barnard South AfricaMarisa Olano SpainThani Ahmed Al Zeyoudi United Arab Emirates Griff Thompson United States of AmericaSCIENCE AND ACADEMIANicolás R. Di Sbroiavacca Fundación BarilocheNebojsa Nakicenovic International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) David Renné International Solar Energy Society (ISES) Doug Arent National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)Kevin Nassiep South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI) DISCLAIMER: REN21 releases issue papers and reports to emphasise the importance of renewable energy and to generate discussion on issues central to the promotion of renewable energy. While REN21 papers and reports have benefited from the considerations and input from the REN21 community, they do not necessarily represent a consensus among network participants on any given point. Although the information given in this report is the best available to the authors at the time, REN21 and its participants cannot be held liable for its accuracy and correctness.EXECUTIVE SECRETARYChristine Lins REN21CHAIRArthouros Zervos National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 26 Power Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Heating and Cooling Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Transport Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3802 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS 42 Biomass Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Geothermal Power and Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Hydropower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Ocean Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Solar Photovoltaics (PV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP) . . . . . . . . . 67 Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Wind Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7503 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR ENERGY ACCESS 86 Status of Energy Access: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Distributed Renewable Energy Technologies and Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Investment and Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Industry Development and Business Models . . . . . . . . 94 Policy Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Programme Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 The Path Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9704 INVESTMENT FLOWS 98 Investment by Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Investment by Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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